directi N M

* * *

aes, aeris (often used in plur. nom. and acc.; abl. aeribus, Cato ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 27 Müll., and Lucr. 2, 636; gen. AERVM, Inscr. Orell. 3551), n. [cf. Germ. Eisen = iron, Erz = copper; Goth. aiz = copper, gold; Angl.Sax. ar, ær = ore, copper, brass; Eng. iron, ore; Lat. aurum; with the com. notion of brightness; cf. aurora, etc.].

Any crude metal dug out of the earth, except gold and silver; esp.,

Aes Cyprium, whence cuprum, copper: scoria aeris, copper dross or scoria, Plin. 34, 11, 24, § 107:

aeris flos,

flowers of copper, id. 34, 11, 24, § 107:

squama aeris,

scales of copper, Cels. 2, 12 init.:

aes fundere,

Plin. 33, 5, 30, § 94:

conflare et temperare,

id. 7, 56, 57, § 197:

India neque aes neque plumbum habet,

id. 34, 17, 48, § 163:

aurum et argentum et aes,

Vulg. Ex. 25, 3.—

An alloy, for the most part of copper and tin, bronze (brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, was hardly known to the ancients. For their bronze coins the Greeks adhered to copper and tin till B.C. 400, after which they added lead. Silver is rare in Greek bronze coins. The Romans admitted lead into their bronze coins, but gradually reduced the quantity, and, under Calig., Nero, Vesp., and Domit., issued pure copper coins, and then reverted to the mixture of lead. In the bronze mirrors now existing, which are nearly all Etruscan, silver predominated to give a highly reflecting surface. The antique bronze had about 87 parts of copper to 13 of tin. An analysis of several objects has given the following centesimal parts: statua ex aere, Cic. Phil. 9, 6:

simulacrum ex aere factum,

Plin. 34, 4, 9, § 15:

valvas ex aere factitavere,

id. 34, 3, 7, § 13.—Hence:

ducere aliquem ex aere,

to cast one's image in bronze, id. 7, 37, 38, § 125; and in the same sense poet.:

ducere aera,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 240:

aes Corinthium,

Plin. 34, 2, 3, §§ 5-8; v. Corinthius.—

Meton.

(Esp. in the poets.) For everything made or prepared from copper, bronze, etc. ( statues, tables of laws, money), and (as the ancients had the art of hardening and tempering copper and bronze) weapons, armor, utensils of husbandry: aes sonit, franguntur hastae, the trumpet sounds, Enn. ap. Non. 504, 32 (Trag. v. 213 Vahl.):

Et prior aeris erat quam ferri cognitus usus: Aere solum terrae tractabant, aereque belli Miscebant fluctus et vulnera vasta serebant, etc.,

Lucr. 5, 1287:

quae ille in aes incidit, in quo populi jussa perpetuasque leges esse voluit,

Cic. Phil. 1, 17; cf. id. Fam. 12, 1; Tac. A. 11, 14; 12, 53; id. H. 4, 40: aere ( with the trumpet, horn) ciere viros, Verg. A. 6, 165:

non tuba directi, non aeris cornua flexi,

Ov. M. 1, 98 (hence also rectum aes, the tuba, in contr. with the crooked buccina, Juv. 2, 118); a brazen prow, Verg. A. 1, 35; the brazen age, Hor. Epod. 16, 64.—In plur.: aera, Cato ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 27 Müll.; Verg. A. 2, 734; Hor. C. 4, 8, 2 al.—

Money: the first Roman money consisted of small rude masses of copper, called aes rude, Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 43; afterwards as coined:

aes signatum,

Cic. Leg. 3, 3; Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 43;

so aes alone: si aes habent, dant mercem,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 49:

ancilla aere suo empta,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 26: aes circumforaneum. borrowed from the brokers in the forum, Cic. Att. 2, 1: Hic meret aera liber Sosiis, earns them money, Hor. A. P. [p. 61] 345:

gravis aere dextra,

Verg. E. 1, 36:

effusum est aes tuum,

Vulg. Ez. 16, 36:

neque in zona aes (tollerent),

ib. Maarc. 6, 8:

etiam aureos nummos aes dicimus,

Dig. 50, 16, 159.—Hence,

Aes alienum, lit. the money of another; hence, in reference to him who has it, the sum owed, a debt, Plaut. Curc. 3, 1, 2:

habere aes alienum,

Cic. Fam. 5, 6:

aes alienum amicorum suscipere,

to take upon one's self, id. Off. 2, 16:

contrahere,

to run up, id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8:

facere,

id. Att. 13, 46:

conflare,

Sall. C. 14, 2; 24, 3:

in aes alienum incidere,

to fall into debt, Cic. Cat. 2, 9:

in aere alieno esse,

to be in debt, id. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 6; so,

aere alieno oppressum esse,

id. Font. 1; so Vulg. 1 Reg. 22, 2:

laborare ex aere alieno,

Caes. B. C. 3, 22:

liberare se aere alieno,

to get quit of, Cic. Att. 6, 2; so,

aes alienum dissolvere,

id. Sull. 56:

aere alieno exire,

to get out of, id. Phil. 11, 6.—

In aere meo est, trop., he is, as it were, among my effects, he is my friend (only in the language of common conversation):

in animo habui te in aere meo esse propter Lamiae nostri conjunctionem,

Cic. Fam. 13, 62; 15, 14.—

Alicujus aeris esse, to be of some value, Gell. 18, 5.—

In aere suo censeri, to be esteemed according to its own worth, Sen. Ep. 87.—

Sometimes = as, the unit of the standard of money (cf. as); hence, aes grave, the old heary money (as weighed, not counted out):

denis milibus aeris gravis reos condemnavit,

Liv. 5, 12:

indicibus dena milia aeris gravis, quae tum divitiae habebantur, data,

id. 4, 60; so, aes alone and in the gen. sing., instead of assium:

aeris miliens, triciens,

a hundred millions, three millions, Cic. Rep. 3, 10:

qui milibus aeris quinquaginta census fuisset,

Liv. 24, 11.—Also for coins that are smaller than an as (quadrans, triens, etc.):

nec pueri credunt, nisi qui nondum aere, i. e. quadrante, lavantur (those who bathed paid each a quadrans),

Juv. 2, 152 (cf.:

dum tu quadrante lavatum Rex ibis,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 137).—

Wages, pay.

A soldier's pay = stipendium:

negabant danda esse aera militibus,

Liv. 5, 4. And soon after: annua aera habes: annuam operam ede.— Hence in plur., = stipendia, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33.—

Reward, payment, in gen., Juv. 6, 125: nullum in bonis numero, quod ad aes exit, that has in view or aims at pay, reward, Sen. Ep. 88.—

In plur.: aera, counters; hence also the items of a computed sum (for which, later, a sing. form aera, ae (q. v.), came into use): si aera singula probāsti, summam, quae ex his confecta sit, non probare? Cic. ap. Non. 3, 18.

curro, cŭcurri (old form cĕcurri, acc. to Gell. 7, 9, 14: curri, Varr. Imp. ap. Front. Ep. 2 Mai; Tert. Fug. in Pers. 12; Arn. 4, 4), cursum, 3, v. n. [kindr. with celer, coruscus], to run, to move quickly (on foot, on a horse, ship, etc.), to hasten, fly (very freq. in every period and species of composition).

Lit.

Of living beings:

si ingrederis curre, si curris advola,

Cic. Att. 2, 23, 3:

propere,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 56:

per vias,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 1, 24:

per totum conclave pavidi,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 113:

circum loculos,

id. ib. 2, 3, 147:

subsidio,

Cic. Att. 12, 3, 2; Prop. 2 (3), 26, 17 al.:

in nostros toros,

id. 3, 20 (4, 19), 10 et saep.:

ad villam praecipitanter,

Lucr. 3, 1063:

per omne mare nautae,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 30:

trans mare,

id. Ep. 1, 11, 27:

extremos ad Indos mercator,

id. ib. 1, 1, 45; cf.:

injecto ter pulvere curras (nauta),

id. C. 1, 28, 36 al.:

sed neque currentem se nec cognoscit euntem,

his former strength, Verg. A. 12, 903:

ad vocem praeceps amensque cucurri,

Ov. M. 7, 844.—With acc. of distance:

uno die MCCCV. stadia,

Plin. 7, 20, 20, § 84; cf.

in a figure: eosdem cursus,

Cic. Agr. 2, 17, 44; cf. b infra.— Poet., of flight:

medio ut limite curras, Icare, moneo,

Ov. M. 8, 203.—With inf.:

quis illam (dextram) osculari non curreret?

Val. Max. 5, 1, ext. 1.— Impers.:

ad me curritur,

Ter. Heaut. prol. 44:

curritur ad praetorium,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 35, § 92:

quo curratur celeriter,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 1, 30 al. —

Rarely with the homogeneous objects iter, stadium, campus, etc.:

qui stadium currit,

who runs a race, Cic. Off. 3, 10, 42:

currimus aequor,

Verg. A. 3, 191; 5, 235 (cf. id. ib. 5, 862).—Hence pass.: unde et campus curritur et mare navigatur, Auct. ap. Quint. 1, 4, 28.—

Prov.: currentem incitare or instigare, etc., to spur a willing horse, i. e. to urge one who needs no urging, Cic. Phil. 3, 8, 19; id. Fam. 15, 15, 3; id. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 16, § 45:

facilius est currentem, ut aiunt, incitare quam commovere languentem,

id. de Or. 2, 44, 186; Plin. Ep. 3, 7, 15; cf.

ellipt.: quod me hortaris... currentem tu quidem,

Cic. Att. 13, 45, 2; so,

currentem hortari,

id. ib. 5, 9, 1;

6, 7, 1: currenti calcaria addere,

Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 1:

asellum currere doceas,

i. e. you labor to no purpose, Hor. S. 1, 1, 91:

per flammam,

to go through fire, Cic. Tusc. 2, 26, 62.—

Transf., of inanimate objects (mostly poet.):

sol currens,

Lucr. 5, 682;

of liquids: amnes in aequora currunt,

Verg. A. 12, 524; id. ib. 1, 607; Ov. M. 8, 597;

Auct. B. Hisp. 29 al.: currente rotā,

Hor. C. 3, 10, 10; id. A. P. 22; Ov. P. 4, 9, 10:

quam (chlamydem) circum Purpura cucurrit,

Verg. A. 5, 250; cf. Stat. Th. 2, 98:

rubor per ora,

Verg. A. 12, 66 et saep.:

linea per medium,

Plin. 18, 34, 77, § 331:

limes per agrum,

id. 18, 33, 76, § 326; 2, 108, 112, §§

243 and 245: vox currit conchato parietum spatio,

id. 11, 51, 112, § 270:

varius per ora cucurrit Ausonidum turbata fremor,

Verg. A. 11, 296:

carmina dulci modulatione currentia,

Lact. 5, 1, 10;

of the eyes: oculi currentes, huc illucque directi et furiose respicientes,

Cassiod. Hist. Eccl. 7, 2, p. 281 Garet.—

Trop.:

non quo multa parum communis littera currat,

not but that they have many letters in common, Lucr. 2, 692:

proclivi currit oratio, venit ad extremum, haeret in salebrā,

runs, Cic. Fin. 5, 28, 84:

historia currere debet ac ferri,

Quint. 9, 4, 18:

cum debeant sublimia ingredi, acria currere,

id. 9, 4, 139:

numeri,

id. 9, 4, 31; cf.

rhythmi,

id. 9, 4, 50:

versus incomposito pede,

Hor. S. 1, 10, 1:

sententia,

id. ib. 1, 10, 9:

currit ferox Aetas,

flies away, passes, id. C. 2, 5, 13.—

With acc., to run, traverse (cf. I. b. supra):

eosdem cursus currere,

to adopt the same policy, Cic. Agr. 2, 17, 44:

talia saecla, suis dixerunt, currite, fusis Concordes Parcae,

Verg. E. 4, 46 (al. regard saecla as voc.; al. take currite as transitive, produce such ages, cause them to be such, as ye run; cf. Forbig ad loc.).

gĕnus, ĕris, n. [= genos, root GEN, gigno, gens], birth, descent, origin; and concr., a race, stock, etc. (cf.: familia, gens, stirps).

Lit.

In gen.: bono genere gnati, Cato ap. Gell. 10, 3, 17; cf.:

ii, qui nobili genere nati sunt,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 70, § 180:

amplissimo genere natus,

Caes. B. G. 4, 12, 4:

genere regio natus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 33:

C. Laelius, cum ei quidam malo genere natus diceret, indignum esse suis majoribus, at hercule, inquit, tu tuis dignus,

id. de Or. 2, 71, 286:

genere et nobilitate et pecunia sui municipii facile primus,

id. Rosc. Am. 6, 15:

esse genere divino,

id. Rep. 2, 2:

contempsisti L. Murenae genus, extulisti tuum,

id. Mur. 7, 15:

hic sacra, hic genus, hic majorum multa vestigia,

id. Leg. 2, 1, 3; cf. id. Brut. 58, 212; id. Rep. 1, 18:

adulescens, cujus spei nihil praeter genus patricium deesset,

Liv. 6, 34, 11:

in famam generis ac familiae,

Quint. 3, 11, 12; 5, 10, 24:

genus Lentulorum,

id. 6, 3, 67:

Atys, genus unde Atii duxere Latini,

Verg. A. 5, 568:

fortuna non mutat genus,

Hor. Epod. 4, 6:

virginem plebei generis petiere juvenes, alter virgini genere par, alter, etc.,

Liv. 4, 9, 4:

qui sibi falsum nomen imposuerit, genus parentesve finxerit, etc.,

Plaut. Sent. 5, 25, 11.— Plur.:

summis gnati generibus,

Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 20.—

In partic., birth, for high or noble birth (mostly poet.):

cum certi propter divitias aut genus aut aliquas opes rem publicam tenent, est factio,

Cic. Rep. 3, 14: pol mihi fortuna magis nunc defit quam genus, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44 (Trag. v. 394 Vahl.):

et genus et virtus, nisi cum re vilior alga est,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 8; cf.:

et genus et formam regina pecunia donat,

id. Ep. 1, 6, 37:

non, Torquate, genus, non te facundia, non te Restituet pietas,

id. C. 4, 7, 23:

jactes et genus et nomen inutile,

id. ib. 1, 14, 13; cf.:

cui genus et quondam nomen natique fuissent,

Verg. A. 5, 621:

nunc jam nobis patribus vobisque plebei promiscuus consulatus patet, nec generis, ut ante, sed virtutis est praemium,

Liv. 7, 32, 14; cf. id. 4, 4, 7.

Transf.

Like gens and stirps, a descendant, offspring, child; and collect., descendants, posterity, race ( poet.): neve tu umquam in gremium extollas liberorum ex te genus, Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155 (Trag. v. 347 Vahl.):

credo equidem, genus esse deorum,

Verg. A. 4, 12:

Uraniae genus, Hymen,

i. e. her son, Cat. 61, 2:

audax Iapeti,

i. e. his son Prometheus, Hor. C. 1, 3, 27:

Jovis,

i. e. Perseus, Ov. M. 4, 609; cf. also Prop. 2, 2, 9; Hor. C. 2, 14, 18:

genus Adrasti,

i. e. Diomede, grandson of Adrastus, Ov. F. 6, 433;

so of a grandson,

id. M. 2, 743; cf.

nepotum,

Hor. C. 3, 17, 4:

Tantali genus,

id. ib. 2, 18, 37:

Danai,

id. ib. 2, 14, 18:

Messi clarum genus Osci,

id. S. 1, 5, 54:

ab alto Demissum genus Aenea,

i. e. Octavianus, as the adopted son of Julius Cœsar, id. ib. 2, 5, 63:

sive neglectum genus et nepotes Respicis auctor,

i. e. the Romans, id. C. 1, 2, 35; cf. ib. 3, 6, 18:

regium genus,

id. ib. 2, 4, 15. —

Of an assemblage of objects (persons, animals, plants, inanimate or abstract things) which are related or belong together in consequence of a resemblance in natural qualities; a race, stock, class, sort, species, kind (in this signif. most freq. in all periods and kinds of writing).

In gen.

Of living things: ne genus humanum temporis longinquitate occideret, propter hoc marem cum femina esse coniunctum, Cic. ap. Col. 12, 1 (Fragm. Cic. 1, 5 Baiter):

quod ex infinita societate generis humani ita contracta res est, etc.,

of the human race, Cic. Lael. 5, 20; cf. id. Rep. 1, 2 fin.:

o deorum quicquid in caelo regit Terras et humanum genus,

Hor. Epod. 5, 2;

for which: consulere generi hominum,

Cic. Rep. 3, 12; cf.:

cum omni hominum genere,

id. ib. 2, 26; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7:

solivagum genus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 25: potens vir cum inter sui corporis homines tum etiam ad plebem, quod haudquaquam inter id genus contemptor ejus habebatur, i. e. among the Plebeians, Liv. 6, 34, 5: Graium genus, the Grecian race, Enn. ap. Prob. ad Verg. E. 6, 31 (Ann. v. 149 Vahl.):

virtus est propria Romani generis atque seminis,

Cic. Phil. 4, 5, 13; cf. id. Ac. 2, 27, 86:

Ubii, paulo quam sunt ejusdem generis et ceteris humaniores,

Caes. B. G. 4, 3, 3; cf.

also: impellit alios (Aeduos) iracundia et temeritas, quae maxime illi hominum generi est innata,

race of men, id. ib. 7, 42, 2; so, like gens, of nations, peoples, tribes: ferox, Sall. Fragm. ap. Arus. Mess. s. v. insolens, p. 241 Lind. (Hist. 1, 14 Gerl.); Liv. 34, 7, 6:

implacidum (Genauni),

Hor. C. 4, 14, 10:

durum ac velox (Ligures),

Flor. 2, 3, 4:

omne in paludes diffugerat,

id. 3, 10, 14:

Graecorum,

Cic. Fl. 4, 9:

Numidarum,

Liv. 30, 12, 18:

genus omne nomenque Macedonum,

id. 13, 44, 6; Nep. Reg. 2:

Italici generis multi mortales,

Sall. J. 47, 1:

Illyriorum,

Liv. 27, 32, 4; 27, 48, 10; 42, 47 fin.:

Scytharum,

Just. 2, 3, 16; Tac. H. 2, 4; Suet. Ner. 37; Vell. 2, 118, 1.—In plur.:

conventus is, qui ex variis generibus constaret,

Caes. B. C. 2, 36, 1:

olim isti fuit generi quondam quaestus apud saeclum prius... est genus hominum, qui se primos esse omnium rerum volunt,

class of men, profession, Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 15 and 17:

firmi et stabiles et constantes (amici), cujus generis est magna penuria,

Cic. Lael. 17, 62:

saepius genus ejus hominis (sc. procuratoris rei publicae) erit in reliqua nobis oratione tractandum,

id. Rep. 2, 29 fin.; cf.:

genus aliud tyrannorum,

id. ib. 1, 44:

judicum genus et forma,

id. Phil. 5, 5, 13:

istius generis asoti,

id. Fin. 2, 8, 23; cf.:

omnium ejus generis poëtarum haud dubie proximus,

Quint. 10, 1, 85:

liberrimum hominum,

id. 10, 12, 2, § 22:

irritabile vatum,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 102:

hoc omne (ambubajarum, etc.),

id. S. 1, 2, 2:

hominum virile, muliebre,

Cic. Inv. 1, 24, 35:

equidem fabulam et fictam rem ducebam esse, virorum omne genus in aliqua insula conjuratione muliebri ab stirpe sublatum esse,

Liv. 34, 2, 3:

cedat consulari generi praetorium,

Cic. Planc. 6, 15:

ad militare genus = ad milites,

Liv. 24, 32, 2:

alia militaris generis turba,

id. 44, 45, 13:

castellani, agreste genus,

id. 34, 27, 9 Weissenb. ad loc.— Sing. with plur. predicate:

Ministrantibus sibi omni genere turpium personarum,

Capitol. Ver. 4.—In plur.:

eorum hominum... genera sunt duo,

Caes. B. G. 6, 13, 1:

tria auditorum,

Quint. 3, 4, 6.— Repeated in the relative-clause:

duo genera semper in hac civitate fuerunt... quibus ex generibus,

Cic. Sest. 45, 96.—In the acc., of description (v. Roby's Gram. 2, p. 42 sq.):

quot et quod genus pastores habendi,

of what kind, Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:

quod genus ii sunt, etc.,

Auct. Her. 2, 30, 48; cf. in the foll.—

Of animals, plants, etc.: genus altivolantum, the race of birds, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. v. 84 Vahl.); cf.: genu' pennis condecoratum, id. Fragm. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 59:

lanigerum, id. Fragm. ap. Paul. ex Fest. s. v. Cyprio, p. 59 Müll.: squamigerum,

Lucr. 1, 162; cf.

piscium,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 9:

silvestre,

Lucr. 5, 1411:

omne ferarum,

id. 5, 1338:

acre leonum,

id. 5, 862:

malefici generis plurima animalia,

Sall. J. 17, 6:

diversum confusa genus panthera camelo,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 195:

animantūm propagare genus,

to propagate the race, Lucr. 1, 195:

ad genus faciendum,

Just. 2, 9 fin.:

juxta genus suum,

Vulg. Gen. 1, 11 saep.— Plur.:

quae vero et quam varia genera bestiarum vel cicurum vel ferarum!

Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 99:

piscium genera,

Quint. 5, 10, 21.—In the acc., of description:

porticus avibus omne genus oppletae,

Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 11:

pascuntur omne genus objecto frumento,

id. ib. 3, 6:

boves et id genus pecua,

App. M. 2, p. 115, 4; id. Flor. p. 37. —

Of inanim. and abstr. things, kind, sort, description, class, order, character:

genus ullum materiaï,

Lucr. 2, 304:

cum is (sol) quoque efficiat, ut omnia floreant et in suo quaeque genere pubescant,

Cic. N. D. 2, 15, 41:

naves omni genere armorum ornatissimae,

Caes. B. G. 3, 14, 2:

cibi genus,

id. ib. 4, 1, 9:

cum omni genere commeatus,

Liv. 30, 36, 2:

frugum,

id. 38, 15, 9:

hoc sphaerae genus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 14:

hoc triplex rerum publicarum genus,

id. ib. 2, 23:

regale civitatis,

id. ib.; cf.:

totum regiae civitatis,

id. ib. 2, 29:

novum imperii,

id. ib. 2, 32:

ipsum istud genus orationis exspecto,

id. ib. 1, 24 fin.; cf.: dulce orationis, id. Or. 13, 42:

qua re esset hoc bellum genere ipso necessarium,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; cf.:

genus hoc erat pugnae, quo, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 4:

potestas annua (consulum) genere ipso ac jure regia,

Cic. Rep. 2, 32:

genus vitae... genus aetatis,

id. Off. 1, 32, 117:

optimum emendandi,

Quint. 10, 4, 2:

dicendi,

Cic. Off. 1, 1, 3; Quint. 8, 3, 56; 12, 10, 69:

simplex rectumque loquendi,

id. 9, 3, 3:

omnis generis tormenta,

Liv. 32, 16, 10:

praeda ingens omnis generis,

id. 27, 5, 9; so,

omnis generis, with tela,

id. 38, 26, 4;

with naves,

id. 34, 8, 5;

with eloquentia,

id. 39, 40, 7, etc.—Repeated in the relative-clause:

erat haec (ratio) ex eodem genere, quod ego maxime genus ex sociorum litteris reperire cupiebam,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 74, § 183.—In plur.:

Caesar haec genera munitionis instituit,

Caes. B. G. 7, 72, 1:

disserere de generibus et de rationibus civitatum,

Cic. Rep. 2, 11; cf. id. ib. 1, 26;

28: genera juris institutorum, morum consuetudinumque describere,

id. ib. 3, 10:

genera furandi,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 7, § 18.—In the acc., of description: omne, hoc, id, quod genus, for omnis, ejus, hujus, cujus generis, of every, of this, of which kind:

sub urbe hortum omne genus, coronamenta omne genus,

Cato, R. R. 8, 2; Varr. R. R. 1, 29, 1:

omne genus simulacra feruntur,

Lucr. 4, 735:

si hoc genus rebus non proficitur,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 23; id. L. L. 9, § 110 Müll.; Lucr. 6, 917 and Hor. S. 2, 6, 44:

in id genus verbis,

Varr. L. L. 10, § 79; 8, 7, 108, § 17:

in id genus libris,

Gell. 3, 8, 1:

scis me ante orationes aut aliquid id genus solitum scribere,

Cic. Att. 13, 12, 3:

vitanda sunt illa, quae propinqua videntur: quod genus, fidentiae contrarium est diffidentia, etc.,

for example, id. Inv. 2, 54, 165; so ib. 2, 52, 157; 2, 54, 162; 2, 57, 172; Lucr. 4, 271; 6, 1058:

lege jus est id quod populi jussu sanctum est, quod genus: ut in jus eas cum voceris,

Auct. Her. 2, 13, 19; cf.

ib. sqq.— In gen.: i. q. res or aliquid: ut in omni genere hujus populi (Graeci) consuetudinem videretur imitatus,

in all respects, in everything, Cic. Rep. 2, 20; cf.:

innumerabiles res sunt, in quibus te quotidie in omni genere desiderem,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 2 fin.:

incredibile est, quam me in omni genere delectarit,

id. Att. 16, 5, 2:

medici assiduitas et tota domus in omni genere diligens,

id. ib. 12, 33, 2;

7, 1, 2: qui in aliquo genere aut inconcinnus aut multus est, is ineptus dicitur,

in any respect whatever, id. de Or. 2, 4, 17:

qua de re et de hoc genere toto pauca cognosce,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 4.—Adverb.: in genus, in general, generally:

sermones in genus communes,

Gell. 4, 1 fin. —

In partic.

In philos. lang., opp. partes, and comprising them within itself, a general term, logical genus:

genus est id, quod sui similes communione quadam, specie autem differentes, duas aut plures complectitur partes,

Cic. de Or. 1, 42, 189; cf.: genus est, quod plures partes amplectitur, ut animal;

pars est, quae subest generi, ut equus. Sed saepe eadem res alii genus, alii pars est: nam homo animalis pars est, Thebani aut Trojani genus,

id. de Inv. 1, 22, 32: genus est, quod partes aliquas amplectitur, ut cupiditas;

pars est, quae subest generi, ut cupiditati amor, avaritia,

id. ib. 1, 28, 42; cf.

also: genus est notio ad plures differentias pertinens,

id. Top. 7, 31:

nec vero sine philosophorum disciplina genus et speciem cujusque rei cernere neque eam definiendo explicare nec tribuere in partes possumus, etc.,

id. Or. 4, 16; cf. ib. 33, 117:

formae dicendi specie dispares, genere laudabiles,

id. de Or. 3, 9, 34:

perturbationes sunt genere quatuor, partibus plures,

id. Tusc. 3, 11, 24; cf. ib. 5, 25, 71:

et conjuncta quaeremus, et genera et partes generibus subjectas, et similitudines, etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 39, 166;

opp. species and pars,

Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 3.—

In gram., gender: transversi sunt (ordines) qui ab recto casu obliqui declinantur, ut albus, albi, albo;

directi sunt, qui ab recto casu in rectos declinantur, ut albus, alba, album. Transversorum ordinum partes appellantur casus, directorum genera: utrisque inter se implicatis forma,

Varr. L. L. 10, § 22 Müll.:

quod ad verborum temporalium rationem attinet, cum partes sint quatuor: temporum, personarum, generum, divisionum, etc.,

ib. 9, § 95:

in nominibus tria genera,

Quint. 1, 4, 23:

barbarismum fieri per numeros aut genera,

id. 1, 5, [p. 811] 16;

9, 3, 6: in verbis quoque quis est adeo imperitus, ut ignoret genera et qualitates, etc.,

id. 1, 4, 27.

gĕnus, ūs, v. genu.

irrītātĭo ( inr-), ōnis, f. [1. irrito], an incitement, incentive, provocative, irritation, stimulant (not ante-Aug.).

Physical: tenesmos est irritatio ultimae partis directi intestini, Scrib. 142 init.:

tamquam edendi irritationes quasdam repertas esse,

Gell. 7, 16, 6.—

Of the feelings or passions.

In gen.:

ad amicitiam naturalis irritatio,

Sen. Ep. 9, 17:

vinum multum... irritationem et iram facit,

Vulg. Sir. 31, 38.—With gen. subj.:

(feminae) nullis conviviorum irritationibus corruptae,

Tac. G. 19.— With gen. obj.:

inesse irritationem animis commutandi sedes,

a restless desire, Sen. Cons. ad Helv. 6, 5.—

Esp., wrath, anger, irritation:

animorum,

Liv. 31, 14, 6.

irrītātĭo ( inr-), ōnis, f. [1. irrito], an incitement, incentive, provocative, irritation, stimulant (not ante-Aug.).

Physical: tenesmos est irritatio ultimae partis directi intestini, Scrib. 142 init.:

tamquam edendi irritationes quasdam repertas esse,

Gell. 7, 16, 6.—

Of the feelings or passions.

In gen.:

ad amicitiam naturalis irritatio,

Sen. Ep. 9, 17:

vinum multum... irritationem et iram facit,

Vulg. Sir. 31, 38.—With gen. subj.:

(feminae) nullis conviviorum irritationibus corruptae,

Tac. G. 19.— With gen. obj.:

inesse irritationem animis commutandi sedes,

a restless desire, Sen. Cons. ad Helv. 6, 5.—

Esp., wrath, anger, irritation:

animorum,

Liv. 31, 14, 6.

prorsus (collat. form prōsus, Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 2; Enn. ap. Non. 165, 11; Trag. Rel. p. 28 Rib.; but p. 107 Vahl. reads prorsus), adv. [for pro-versus].

Forwards (ante-class.):

non prorsus, verum transvorsus cedit, quasi cancer solet,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 1, 45.—

Straight on, right onwards, directly (ante- and post-class.), Cato ap. Fest. p. 234 Müll.:

tunc Arionem prorsus ex eo loco Corinthum petivisse,

Gell. 16, 19, 17.—

Trop.

Straightway, by all means, certainly, truly, precisely, utterly, absolutely (class.):

prorsus perii,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 8, 27:

vide ne ille huc prorsus se inruat,

Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 11; 3, 2, 26:

prorsus tacere nequeo,

id. Hec. 4, 4, 51: ita [p. 1474] prorsus existimo, Cic. Tusc. 2, 5, 14:

nullo modo potest fleri prosus,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 2:

nullo modo prorsus assentior,

Cic. N. D. 3, 8, 21; id. Att. 13, 45, 1:

verbum prorsus nullum intellego,

not a single word, id. de Or. 2, 14, 61:

venies exspectatus non solum nobis, sed prorsus omnibus,

id. Fam. 4, 10, 1:

affatim prorsus,

id. Att. 16, 1, 5:

prorsus vehementer et severe,

id. ib. 16, 15, 2:

hoc mihi prorsus valde placet,

id. Fam. 6, 20, 2; Plin. 14, 5, 7, § 58.—Ironically:

grati prorsus conjugibus revertemur,

Curt. 5, 5, 13.—

Exactly, just, precisely:

set ea prorsus opportuna Catilinae,

Sall. C. 16, 5; Varr. L. L. 6, § 16 dub.;

v. Müll. ad h. l.: prorsus quasi,

precisely as if, Just. 1, 7, 16.—

After an enumeration of particulars, in short, in fine, in a word: igitur colos exsanguis, foedi oculi: citus modo, modo tardus incessus;

prorsus in facie vultuque vecordia inerat,

Sall. C. 15, 5; 25, 5; id. J. 23, 1; 30, 3 al.

prorsus (collat. form prōsus; v. II.), a, um, adj. [for pro-versus].

Straightforwards, right onwards, straight, direct (post-Aug.):

prorso tramite siste gradus (al. proso),

Avien. 3:

prorsi limites appellantur in agrorum mensuris, qui ad orientem directi sunt,

Fest. p. 234, and Paul. ex Fest. p. 235 Müll.—

Trop., of style, straightforwards, i. e. prosaic, in prose, opp. to verse (post-class.): prorsum est porro versum, id est ante versum. Hinc et prorsa oratio, quam non inflexit cantilena, Don. Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 14:

et prorsa et vorsa facundia veneratus sum,

in prose and verse, App. Flor. 4, p. 361, 36.—In this sense predominant (but not found in Cic.) in the form prosa oratio, prose, =soluta oratio, Quint. 1, 5, 18; 11, 2, 39:

prosa eloquentia,

Vell. 1, 17, 3; Sen. ap. Gell. 12, 2, 6; Col. 11, 1, 1; Plin. 5, 29, 31, § 112.— Subst.: prōsa, ae, f., prose, Quint. 1, 8, 2; 8, 6, 17; 20; 9, 4, 52 et saep.

quincunx. uncis, m. [quinque-uncia], fire twelfths of a whole (of an as, a jugerum, a pound, a sextarius, etc.).

Lit.: si de quincunce remota est Uncia, quid superat? from five twelfths of an as, Hor. A. P. 327; so five twelfths of a jugerum, Col. 5, 1, 11; of a pound, id. 12, 28, 1; of a sextarius, five cyathi. Mart. 1, 28, 2; 2, 1, 9:

quincunces et sex cyathos bessemque bibamus,

id. 11, 36, 7.—Of five twelfths of an inheritance, Plin. Ep. 7, 11, 1.—

Of interest,

five per cent., Pers. 5, 149.—

In apposition with usura: quincunces usuras spopondit,

Dig. 46, 3, 102; Inscr. Giorn. Arcad. 28, p. 356.—

Transf., trees planted in the form of a quincunx (i.e., the five spots on dice); also, trees planted in oblique lines, thus:

quid illo quincunce speciosius, qui in quamcumque partem spectaveris, rectus est?

Quint. 8, 3, 9 Spald.:

in quincuncem serere,

Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 2; cf.: directi in quincuncem ordines, Cic Sen. 17, 59:

in quincuncem disposita,

Col. 3, 13, 4; 3, 15, 1:

obliquis ordinibus in quincuncem dispositis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 73.

tŭba, ae, f. [kindr. with tubus, a tube], a trumpet, esp. a war-trumpet (straight, while the cornu was curved, Acron ad Hor. C. 1, 1, 23).

Lit.:

ille arma misit, cornua, tubas, falces,

Cic. Sull. 5, 17:

tubae et signa militaria,

id. Cat. 2, 6, 13: at tuba terribili sonitu taratantara dixit, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 842 P. (Ann. v. 452 Vahl.); imitated by Verg. A. 9, 503:

tubae utrimque canunt,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 73:

signum tubā dare,

Caes. B. G. 2, 20; so id. ib. 7, 81; id. B. C. 3, 46; 3, 90; Liv. 29, 27, 5 al.; cf. also Caes. B. G. 7, 47; Hirt. B. G. 8, 20:

non tuba directi, non aeris cornua fiexi,

Ov. M. 1, 98; Tac. A. 1, 68; Luc. 4, 750; 6, 130; 7, 477; Sil. 5, 12 al.; v. Veg. Mil. 3, 5.—Apart from military purposes, it was used on various occasions, as at religious festivals, games, funerals, etc., Varr. L. L. 6, § 14 Müll.; Ov. F. 1, 716; Verg. A. 5, 113; Juv. 10, 214; Stat. S. 3, 1, 139 al.; cf. tubus, II. A.; Verg. A. 11, 192; Ov. H. 12, 140; Hor. S. 1, 6, 44; Pers. 3, 103; cf. Atei. Capito ap. Gell. 20, 2, 3.—

Transf.

A signal for war, war, Claud. Rapt. Pros. 1, 64; id. Laud. Stil. 1, 246; Mart. Spect. 28, 2.—

A loud sound: nimborum, i. e. the roar of thunder, Claud. gigant. 60.—

Sonorous, elevated epic poetry, Mart. 8, 3, 22; 8, 56, 4; 10, 64, 4; 11, 3, 8; Claud. Cons. Prob. et Olybr. 197.—

A lofty style of speaking, Prud. contr. Symm. 2, 68; Sid. Ep. 4, 3 fin. —

Trop.:

tuba belli civilis,

i. e. exciter, author, instigator, Cic. Fam. 6, 12, 3:

rixae,

Juv. 15, 52.